Development approval has been granted for the $665 million expansion of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/trinity-point-estate-81-trinity-point-drive-morisset-park">Trinity Point</a>, marking a major milestone for what is set to become one of Australia’s largest waterfront developments.&nbsp;

Located on a 23-hectare site on Lake Macquarie, the masterplanned community by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/johnson-property-group">Johnson Property Group</a> will introduce a new scale of coastal living to the region, underpinned by sustainability, landscape-led design, and a focus on placemaking.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/koichi-takada-architects">Koichi Takada Architects</a> with landscaping by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/arcadia-landscape-architecture">Arcadia</a>, the development will deliver a 153-room luxury hotel, 160 waterfront apartments, and a mix of retail, dining, wellness, and conference facilities. Key features include two 300-seat signature restaurants, a spa and wellness offering, a 300-seat function room, and a collection of pools, bars, and landscaped public areas.

“This project is about putting Lake Macquarie on the global stage,” said Keith Johnson, Founder of Johnson Property Group. “We’re not just building something beautiful, we’re creating a destination that showcases the very best of the region.”

<img alt="Trinity Point Estate - 81 Trinity Point Drive, Morisset Park" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0775e02c-5402-46e4-ba48-e4bbf087a923" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/68218522911bbca3fbe25939_67d2081d6ce812cf2a9c3fb8_KOIC11165_Trinity%20Point%20-%20Addendum_E01_View%20from%20water_A3_croppped.jpg?VersionId=8Q2yOSwSOvMK7qBawrTLbahtavm5eyH1" />

The project’s architecture and landscape design are deeply informed by the natural and cultural context of the site. Arcadia undertook a Connection with Country workshop in collaboration with local Elders to understand the stories of land and water, resulting in a landscape approach that honours the Awabakal people's cultural heritage.

Trinity Point was historically significant for its Aboriginal occupation, providing food and spiritual connection through its relationship with Lake Macquarie and the surrounding Watagan Mountains.&nbsp;

Arcadia’s design response incorporates native planting, sculptural elements, viewing decks, and materials that reflect the surrounding ridgelines and sandstone outcrops.

<img alt="Trinity Point Estate - 81 Trinity Point Drive, Morisset Park" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c4db7d3a-3a03-4834-a9e0-cc74dc60ac64" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/6888542fa954f63bd565c684_IN03_Hotel%20To%20View_A3RGB.jpg?VersionId=IXgYtO5fI3xveOG0ZRq.LuNA__GJOoeC" />

With the Central Coast and Lake Macquarie region experiencing strong population growth and increased interest from owner-occupiers and lifestyle-focused buyers, Trinity Point responds to a clear demand for high-quality, amenity-rich housing.&nbsp;

The project is expected to inject over $588 million into the local economy through construction contracts and long-term employment once operational.

Already home to the 94-berth Trinity Point marina and the acclaimed ‘8 at Trinity’ restaurant, the next stage cements the area’s evolution into a premium lifestyle destination.&nbsp; An expanded marina (up to 188 berths) and new wellness and hospitality offerings will support both local and visitor demand.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=14893]

Joel Robinson

Trinity Point’s $665 million masterplan approved in Lake Macquarie

The NSW Government will take the lead in rezoning the Burwood North Metro Precinct, that could deliver around 15,000 new homes near the future Sydney Metro station, creating new housing and job opportunities close to transport and services. 
 
The new Burwood North Metro Station provides a once-in-a-generation opportunity to create a thriving inner-west precinct near a world class metro line, just four stations away from the Sydney CBD. 
 
Centred around the new Burwood North Metro Station, the rezoning will deliver a new precinct supported by major public transport links and open space, while rejuvenating another part of the Parramatta Road corridor. 
 
The current Burwood train station and Parramatta Road bus links are also nearby, along with strong local schools and shopping precincts, with the Parramatta River a short distance away. 
 
Burwood Council and Canada Bay Council have both progressed individual masterplans to deliver homes in their Local Government Areas. The NSW Government will build upon the Councils’ plans as well as identify further opportunities for residential growth to better respond to the future Sydney Metro station. 
 
The rezoning is being progressed through the State Significant Rezoning Pathway, which was introduced by the Minns Government to fast-track major rezoning proposals. The State Significant Rezoning Policy, introduced in September 2024, fast tracks the rezoning of key precincts, and existing planning proposals delayed in the planning system. 
 
NSW is in need of bold housing solutions. Sydney is the second least affordable city in the world, with house prices having significantly outstripped wage growth over the last two decades. 
 
A key focus of the state-led rezoning will be to deliver precinct-wide infrastructure that will enable essential services and amenities to be delivered alongside the new housing. 
 
The Department of Planning, Housing and Infrastructure will now work with both councils and the relevant state government agencies to progress the rezoning, with a draft masterplan expected to be exhibited in the first half of 2026. This will be followed by a final precinct masterplan, at which stage development applications can be lodged under the new planning controls. 
 
This new site builds on the NSW Government’s earlier announcements of state-led and state-assessed rezoning projects. To date, 25 projects have been progressed as state rezonings, with the potential to enable the delivery of an estimated 60,000 homes and 68,000 jobs.

The Urban Development Institute of Australia (UDIA) NSW, says the NSW Government’s decision to lead the rezoning of Burwood is an essential move to unlocking much needed housing supply, accelerating the planning system, and ensuring coordinated infrastructure delivery.&nbsp;

“The NSW rezoning process is currently one of the slowest in the country. Any action that helps to speed this up, particularly in well-located areas like Burwood North, should be welcomed,” said UDIA NSW CEO, Stuart Ayres.&nbsp;

“New homes start with rezoned land. That’s why we’re encouraged to see the NSW Government stepping in to lead the process at Burwood North. The more the State can be involved in finalising these complex rezonings, especially where boundaries are shared, the better the outcomes for everyone."

NSW Government to rezone Burwood North and trigger 15,000 new homes near future Sydney Metro Station

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sekisui-house-australia">Sekisui House Australia</a>, in partnership with Hankyu Hanshin Properties, has achieved strong sales success with the launch of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/aeris-melrose-park-nursery-street-melrose-park-nsw-2114">Aeris</a>, the most elevated and luxurious release to date in the $5 billion Melrose Park masterplanned community in north-west Sydney.

Around $30 million worth of apartments, across 35 sales, was secured within four hours of the release, marking one of the strongest launch results at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/melrose-park-nsw-2114">Melrose Park</a>. Priced between $645,000 and $1.5 million, Aeris set a new benchmark for the precinct, with two-bedroom apartments eclipsing the $1 million mark, significantly higher than comparable offerings in previous stages.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=426 project_image_fid=4945]

Veronica Papaianni, Sales Manager, Apartment &amp; Mixed-Use Developments at Sekisui House Australia, said the sales results confirmed both the strength of the market and the growing demand for premium apartments in master planned communities.

“Aeris captured the attention of buyers with its elevated location, luxury finishes and new product types including two-bedroom residences with dedicated multipurpose rooms, a first for Melrose Park,”&nbsp;Papaianni says.

“The response was immediate with over 200 people attending the launch and 35 apartments sold launch day. Owner occupiers made up over half of all purchasers, an exceptional outcome for a high-rise apartment building and a strong indicator of the desirability of Aeris as a place to live, not just invest."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=426 project_image_fid=4946]

Apartments sold were evenly split between one and two-bedroom configurations, with strong demand from young couples, professionals, downsizers and first home buyers. The introduction of adaptable layouts, such as dual key and multi-generational residences, also expanded buyer interest.

“The record result builds on renewed buyer confidence following two interest rate cuts earlier this year, with another cut widely anticipated next week,"&nbsp;Papaianni added.

"The interest rate reductions have definitely contributed to the sales momentum and buyer optimism. We are seeing more people engage with the market, particularly owner occupiers who feel now is the right time to secure a high-quality home in a future focused location.”

[smartcode_project:default project_id=426 project_image_fid=4948]

Positioned at the highest point of the 30-hectare Melrose Park site, Aeris offers panoramic views of the Parramatta River, Sydney Olympic Parklands and the surrounding neighbourhood. Every apartment includes Miele appliances, timber flooring and smart home integration with residents enjoying access to a rooftop pool, gym and outdoor cinema.

“The success of Aeris further elevates Melrose Park’s standing in Sydney’s competitive property landscape. Aeris reaffirms Melrose Park’s position as one of Sydney’s most ambitious urban renewal projects," Papaianni continued.

"Its green spaces, future Town Centre (set to open in 2026), Melrose Park High School and connectivity to the Parramatta Light Rail Stage 2 connection, make it a highly attractive proposition for both owner occupiers and investors.”

There will be 468 apartments across the 21- and 23-level towers. Only the first of Aeris’s two towers has been released to date, with the next release expected in early 2026.

Construction of Aeris is anticipated to commence in late 2025, with the first lower tower due for completion in Q4 2027 and the second tower expected in 2028.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=426]

Apartments sold were evenly split between one and two-bedroom configurations, with strong demand from young couples, professionals, downsizers and first home buyers

Strong buyer response to Aeris, Melrose Park’s latest stage

Melbourne is continuing its bounce-back from bottoming out of the property market earlier this year.

The gains are modest, but have been continuous now for the last three months. Dwelling values, which incorporate both houses and units, rose 0.4 per cent in July, according to Cotality's latest Home Value Index.

Unit values lifted 0.4 per cent over the month, following gains of 0.3 per cent in June and 0.4 per cent in May.

On an annual basis, Melbourne unit values are still 0.8 per cent below where they stood a year ago, highlighting the lag in the apartment sector’s post-pandemic recovery.

Median unit values now sit at $621,281, while Melbourne’s house median is $952,339, a gap of over $330,000.

Melbourne’s quarterly growth of 1.2 per cent across all dwellings placed it behind most capitals, though the broader mood is lifting with rate cuts and construction confidence slowly returning to the market. Cotality notes that the supply-demand imbalance remains a key driver of price resilience, with listings well below average and annual sales slightly above trend.

<h2>What happened in Melbourne’s off the plan apartment market in July?</h2>

There were key milestones across several major developments in Melbourne over July, from new releases to construction advancements, in both Bayside and Melbourne's inner ring.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/gamuda-land">Gamuda Land</a> topped out <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/fareham-st-kilda-95-st-kilda-road-st-kilda-vic-3182">Fareham</a>, its sculptural residential tower on St Kilda Road.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/builders/markscon">Markscon</a> has completed the 16-storey structure and remains on track to deliver the entire building by early 2026.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=137950 project_image_fid=281436]

“Topping out marks more than just structural progress - it represents our long-term vision to create sustainable, well-integrated neighbourhoods that add real value to the communities around them,” said Jess Teng, Chief Operating officer, Gamuda Land.

Fareham, one of the few new developments currently on the market in St Kilda, responds directly to its location along the iconic St Kilda Road. The project is targeting an average 8-star NatHERS rating, well above standard requirements for new apartment buildings.

Read more: <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/vic/gamuda-land-tops-out-fareham-on-st-kilda-rd">Gamuda Land tops out Fareham on St Kilda Rd</a>

In the inner north, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/beulah">Beulah</a> revealed a new sustainable townhouse collection at its <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-townhouses/brunswick-established-23-hodgson-st-brunswick-vic-3056">Brunswick Established</a> precinct.

The collection, known as ‘The Courtyard House’, has been created in collaboration with <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/six-degrees-architects">Six Degrees Architects</a> to meet the evolving needs of modern families.

The release comprises 15 two and three-bedroom homes centred on a communal courtyard.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=136451 project_image_fid=270371]

With a central courtyard at its heart, the design reimagines the possibilities of multi-generational living, blending flexibility, sustainability and personalisation within a heritage setting. Distinct from a traditional garden, the courtyard delivers natural light, fresh air and a generous sense of space, without the upkeep of a backyard.

“The modern home should flow from inside to outside - the courtyard provides a space which joins the different parts of the home together as the central outside space of the home,” explains Six Degrees Director, Peter Malatt.

Brunswick Established is now 70 per cent sold.

Read more: <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/vic/beulah-release-sustainable-courtyard-townhouse-collection-at-brunswick-established">Beulah release sustainable courtyard townhouse collection at Brunswick Established</a>

In Melbourne's west, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/spacious-property-development-group-pty-ltd">Spacious Property Development Group</a> confirmed that residents will begin moving into <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/voyage-altona-102-106-pier-street-altona-vic-3018">Voyage Altona</a> this spring, as builder Ironside pushes through final works.

Positioned within the <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/altona-vic-3018">Altona</a> waterfront precinct, Voyage offers coastal apartments set within landscaped surrounds. Voyage is the only new apartment offering currently on the market in Altona.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=112195 project_image_fid=2146]

The developer flagged the start of settlements as a key moment for the precinct, which forms part of a broader long-term vision for Altona’s transformation.

Prices start from just over $500,000 for one-bedroom apartments, with three-bedroom configurations topping out just over the $1 million mark.

Read more: <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/vic/buyers-to-move-into-voyage-altona-this-spring">Buyers to move into Voyage Altona this Spring</a>

City Beat July 2025: Melbourne values continue to trend upwards

For the first time in four years, a new apartment development has launched in the growing North Sydney commercial and retail hub.

Several years in the making, national apartment developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/casa">CASA</a> has unveiled <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/the-mclaren-north-sydney-45-mclaren-street-north-sydney-nsw-2060">The McLaren</a>—a boutique collection of just 71 apartments in a striking, stepped building ideally located on McLaren Street, on the edge of North Sydney’s vibrant lifestyle precinct.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=141323 project_image_fid=3191]

The McLaren is just a stone’s throw from the new Victoria Cross Metro Station, part of the expanded Sydney Metro network that’s attracting buyers from North Sydney through to Castle Hill.

CASA engaged renowned architects Bates Smart to design the project. Boutique by city centre standards, where developments often reach soaring heights and feature hundreds of apartments, The McLaren stands out for its intentional, considered design.

What’s immediately evident is the care taken to maximise apartment outlooks. The building rises to just 14 storeys - also relatively modest for the area - but cascades downwards to create expansive terraces and a sculpted rooftop garden offering panoramic views across Sydney Harbour and the CBD skyline.

The McLaren’s podium pays homage to the site’s fine-grain, leafy character. It sits adjacent to heritage-listed properties and near the Walker and Ridge Streets Heritage Conservation Area.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=141323 project_image_fid=3193]

The development offers a diverse mix of apartments, ranging from one to four bedrooms. More than half are generously sized three-bedroom residences, catering to the local downsizer market. Selected apartments feature natural stone benchtops, Gaggenau appliances, and a refined interior palette inspired by the local landscape.

The McLaren also includes a rare collection of terrace homes that echo the scale, materiality, and character of North Sydney’s Victorian-era dwellings—particularly those along nearby Walker Street.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=141323 project_image_fid=3194]

All McLaren residents, whether in a terrace home or apartment, will enjoy exclusive access to resident-only amenities, including a rooftop garden terrace, private dining and wine cellar facilities, and a lounge area designed for entertaining and relaxation. A ground-floor retail space and a new public through-site link connecting Walker and Harnett Streets will further enhance local vibrancy and walkability.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=141323 project_image_fid=3196]

Colliers is receiving strong interest from local downsizers and working professionals who are drawn to the connectivity of North Sydney, and the convenience of being just one metro stop from the Sydney CBD for both work and leisure.

CASA, established in 2010 as a private real estate fund backed by global institutional investor GFM, has recently expanded its residential development pipeline nationally, with two additional projects in Melbourne and another in Byron Bay.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=141323]

CASA reveals The McLaren, North Sydney's newest apartment development

Native Animals

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The phrase “urban jungle” gets thrown around a lot, but we don’t usually think of cities as places where rare or threatened species live.
Our research, published today in <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fee.2032" target="_blank">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>, shows some of Australia’s most endangered plants and animals live entirely within cities and towns.
Stuck in the city with you
Australia is home to 39 urban-restricted threatened species, from giant gum trees, to ornate orchids, wonderful wattles, and even a tortoise. Many of these species are critically endangered, right on the brink of extinction. And cities are our last chance to preserve them within their natural range.
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/267002/original/file-20190402-177190-74ng2d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/267002/original/file-20190402-177190-74ng2d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a>
Credit: Elia Purtle
Urban environments offer a golden opportunity to preserve species under threat and engage people with nature. But that means we might need to think a little differently about how and where we do conservation, embrace the weird and wonderful spaces that these species call home, and involve urban communities in the process.
Roads to the left of them, houses to the right
When you picture city animals you might think of pigeons, sparrows or rats that like to hang out with humans, or the flying foxes and parrots that are attracted to our flowering gardens.
But that’s not the case here. The threatened species identified in our research didn’t choose the city life, the city life chose them. They’re living where they’ve always lived. As urban areas expand, it just so happens that we now live there too.
The first hurdle that springs to mind when it comes to keeping nature in cities is space: there’s not a lot of it, and it’s quickly disappearing. For example, the magnificent Caley’s Grevillea has lost more than 85% of its habitat in Sydney to urban growth, and many of its remaining haunts are earmarked for future development. Around half of the urban-restricted species on our list are in the same predicament.
It’s especially tough to protect land for conservation in urban environments, where development potential means high competition for valuable land. So when protected land is a luxury that few species can afford, we need to work out other ways to look after species in the city.
Not living where you’d expect
Precious endangered species aren’t all tucked away in national parks and conservation reserves. These little battlers are more often found hiding in plain sight, amid the urban hustle and bustle.
Our research found them living along railway lines and roadsides, sewerage treatment plants and cemeteries, schools, airports, and even a hospital garden. While these aren’t the typical places you’d expect to find threatened species, they’re fantastic opportunities for conservation.
The spiked rice flower is a great example. Its largest population is on a golf course in New South Wales, where local managers work to enhance its habitat between the greens, and raise awareness among residents and local golfers. These kinds of good partnerships between local landowners and conservation can find “win-win” situations that benefit people and nature.
A series of unfortunate events
It’s no secret that living in the ‘burbs can be risky: a fact best illustrated in the cautionary tale of a roadside population of the endangered Angus’s onion orchid. Construction workers once unwittingly dumped ten tonnes of sand over the patch in the late 1980s, then quickly attempted to fix the problem using a bulldozer and a high-pressure hose. Later, a portaloo was plonked on top of it.
Examples like this show just how important it is for policy makers, land managers and the community to know that these species are there in the first place, and are aware that even scrappy-looking habitats can be important to their survival. Otherwise, species are just one stroke of bad luck away from extinction.
People power
It’s common to think if you want to conserve nature, you need to get as far away from people as you can. After all, we can be a dangerous lot (just ask Angus’s onion orchid). But we also have extraordinary potential to create positive change – and it’s much easier for us to do this if we only have to travel as far as our backyard or a local park.
Many urban-restricted species get support by their local communities. Examples from our research showed communities across Melbourne raising <a href="http://www.starweekly.com.au/news/save-the-sexy-scented-orchid/" target="_blank">thousands of dollars in conservation crowdfunding</a>, dedicating countless volunteer hours to caring for local habitats, and even setting up neighbourhood watches to combat vandals. This shows a huge opportunity for urban residents to be on the conservation frontline.
Our research focused on 39 species that are restricted to Australian cities and towns today. But that’s not where the opportunity for urban conservation ends.
There are about another <a href="https://theconversation.com/just-ten-mps-represent-more-than-600-threatened-species-in-their-electorates-83500" target="_blank">370 threatened species</a> that share their range with urban areas across Australia, as well as countless “common” native species that call cities home. And as cities continue to expand, many other threatened species stand to become urban dwellers. It’s clear that if we only focus conservation efforts in areas far from humans, species like these will be lost forever.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/114741/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Kylie Soanes, Postdoctoral fellow, University of Melbourne
Pia Lentini, Research Fellow, The University of Melbourne
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-39-endangered-species-in-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-and-other-australian-cities-114741" target="_blank">original article</a>.
Main photo: Caley’s grevillea has lost 85% of its habitat as Sydney has expanded. Isaac Mammott
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

The 39 endangered species living in our cities

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GUSET OBSERVATION
Glossy Black-Cockatoos used to be common on South Australia’s Kangaroo Island until possums started eating their eggs and chicks. After volunteers helped protect nest hollows and erect safe nest boxes, the population more than doubled.
But how do you measure such success? How do you compare cockatoo nest protection with any other investment in conservation?
Unfortunately, we have few ways to compare and track the different efforts many people may be making to help conserve our natural treasures.
That’s why a group of us from a dozen Australian universities along with scientists and private researchers around the world have created <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13220">metrics of progress</a> for both our understanding of how to manage threats of different intensity, and how well that management has been implemented. We also provide guidance on what still needs doing before a threat no longer needs active management.
For the first time, we looked at every threatened bird in Australia to see how well – or not – they are managed. Hopefully, we can use this to avoid compounding our disastrous <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/13/a-national-disgrace-australias-extinction-crisis-is-unfolding-in-plain-sight">recent track record</a> of extinctions in Australia.
The state of Australian birds
What we did differently was collect the same data across different species, which meant we could compare conservation efforts across all bids.
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/246799/original/file-20181122-182062-zfg4ry.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/246799/original/file-20181122-182062-zfg4ry.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a>
The mallee emu-wren is unique to Australia and endangered due to habitat loss. <a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/128578170@N06/24288853338/in/photolist-D1jHTq-4b9JJc" target="_blank">Nik Borrow/Flickr</a>
When we applied these metrics to Australia’s 238 threatened bird species, the results were both encouraging and daunting. The good news is that we understand how to reduce the impact of about 52% of the threats – although of course that means we know little about how to deal with the other 48%.
But the situation is decidedly worse when we consider how effectively we are putting that research into practice. Only 43% of threats are being managed in any way at all – and just a third of the worst threats – and we are achieving good outcomes for just 20%.
But at least we now know where we are. We can celebrate what we have accomplished, appreciate how much needs doing, and direct our efforts where they will have the greatest benefit.
The threats to our birds
Introduced mammals, particularly <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717302719" target="_blank">cats</a>, have been (and continue to be) a significant threat to Australian birds. Although we have successfully eradicated feral animals on many islands, saving many species, they remain a grave threat on the mainland.
The effect of climate change is becoming the top priority threat for the future. About half of all threatened birds are likely to be affected by increases in drought, fire, heat or sea level. Given the policy prevarication at a global level, targeted research is essential if birds are to be helped to cope.
By looking at multiple species, we can also identify what helps successful conservation. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/emr.12335" target="_blank">Monitoring</a>, for instance, has a big impact on threat alleviation – better monitored species receive more attention.
There is also – unsurprisingly – a strong connection between knowledge of how to manage a threat and successful application of that knowledge. Often policy people want instant action, but our work suggests that action before knowledge will squander money.
Where to from here?
So what can we use this analysis for? One use is helping species <a href="http://www.nespthreatenedspecies.edu.au/news/no-surprises-no-regrets-identifying-australias-most-imperilled-animal-species" target="_blank">close to extinction</a>.
Using the same approach for multiple species groups, it is apparent that, while birds and mammals are in a parlous state, the most threatened fish are far worse off. We can also identify some clear priorities for action.
Finally, we must acknowledge this work emerged not from a government research grant, but from a non-government organisation (NGO). BirdLife Australia needed an overview of the country’s performance with threatened birds and was able to draw on the volunteered skills of biologists and mathematicians from around the country, and then the world.
Indeed, one of the future projects will be using the new assessment tool to see just how much of the conservation action around the country is being driven by volunteers, from the many people who contributed their knowledge and skills to this paper through to those keeping glossy black-cockatoo chicks safe on Kangaroo Island.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/107432/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Stephen Garnett, Professor of Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University
Alienor Chauvenet, Lecturer, Griffith University
April Reside, Researcher, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland
Brendan Wintle, Professor Conservation Ecology, University of Melbourne
David Lindenmayer, Professor, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University
David M Watson, Professor in Ecology, Charles Sturt University
Elisa Bayraktarov, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Conservation Biology, The University of Queensland
Hayley Geyle, Research Assistant, Charles Darwin University; Hugh Possingham, Professor, The University of Queensland
Ian Leiper, Geospatial Scientist, Charles Darwin University
James Watson, Professor, The University of Queensland
Jim Radford, Principal Research Fellow, Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University
John Woinarski, Professor (conservation biology), Charles Darwin University
Les Christidis, Professor, Southern Cross University
Martine Maron, ARC Future Fellow and Associate Professor of Environmental Management, The University of Queensland
Molly K Grace, Postdoctoral Fellow in Zoology, University of Oxford
Paul McDonald, Associate professor, University of New England
Sarah Legge, Associate Professor, Australian National University
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/for-the-first-time-weve-looked-at-every-threatened-bird-in-australia-side-by-side-107432" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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For the first time we’ve looked at every threatened bird in Australia side-by-side

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Young southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus obesulus), an endangered marsupial species living in outer Melbourne.
There are more and more of us on Earth, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-worlds-urban-population-is-growing-so-how-can-cities-plan-for-migrants-49931" target="_blank">increasingly</a> we’re choosing to live in cities. This is a problem for wildlife: urbanisation is one of the greatest <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1780/20133330" target="_blank">threats to biodiversity</a>. Sprawling construction to accommodate people completely removes or modifies the homes of many other species.
But although we need to do all we can to mitigate these effects and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0504-8?code=389cb14c-d4b6-4c87-8bec-225e586635f6&amp;error=cookies_not_supported" target="_blank">their causes</a>, cities are far from biodiversity wastelands. In fact, cities are home to large numbers of species, many of which are <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geb.12404" target="_blank">threatened</a>.
One such example is the iconic but endangered southern brown bandicoot. <a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Wyjo1R%7Ee75Gk" target="_blank">New research</a> has found these shy animals thriving in peri-urban areas (the interface between cities and more rural areas) on the outskirts of Melbourne.
<h2>Novel ecosystems</h2>
Through our effects on the environment, humans are increasingly creating “<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00212.x" target="_blank">novel ecosystems</a>”: areas composed of new combinations of species and/or new and modified environmental conditions. In these areas there are <a href="https://theconversation.com/biodiversity-can-flourish-on-an-urban-planet-18723" target="_blank">winners and losers</a>. How we perceive and manage such ecosystems could have a big influence on conserving species more broadly, and helping to address <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/114/30/E6089" target="_blank">Earth’s extinction crisis</a>.
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320717321262" target="_blank">We studied</a> these issues by examining the ecology of the endangered <a href="http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=68050" target="_blank">southern brown bandicoot</a> in southeast Melbourne. Specifically, we compared bandicoot abundance and body condition between novel sites, made up of peri-urban areas, and more natural remnant sites at the <a href="https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/visit-cranbourne" target="_blank">Royal Botanic Gardens at Cranbourne</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_Island_(Victoria)" target="_blank">Quail Island Nature Conservation Reserve</a>, which more closely resemble original bandicoot habitat.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216741/original/file-20180429-135848-8f9i5r.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Peri-urban habitat of the southern brown bandicoot. 
Our goal was to see whether novel sites could support resident bandicoots. Crucially, could peri-urban areas allow bandicoots to breed, recruit (attract new migrating individuals) and survive well enough for populations to persist?
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216739/original/file-20180429-135803-edhxm8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
The endangered southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) Hayley Davis
<h2>Don’t judge habitats by their appearance</h2>
Contrary to what the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00936.x" target="_blank">Human Threat Hypothesis</a> (and logic) might predict, we found more bandicoots at novel sites (66 individuals recorded over 1722 trap-nights) than remnant sites (26 individuals recorded over 1384 trap-nights). And bandicoots were most abundant at the novel site with the most urbanised surroundings. The condition of females was similar between novel and remnant sites.
Most bandicoots at novel sites were resident (meaning they were observed at the same location multiple times thoughout the study). At these same sites we recorded successful breeding, recruitment of young adults, and survival of mature adults.
Our results challenge conventional conservation thinking. Where bandicoots did best is also where known predators such as foxes and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SIVirQ8Iyw" target="_blank">feral cats</a> are present and abundant, as opposed to the nature reserves from which they are largely absent. Remnant areas also have more intact native vegetation, whereas bandicoots in urban areas nested in roadsides full of invasive blackberry, a weed often targeted for removal.
Bandicoots like thick vegetation, but they appear not to care which plant species they use – as long as cover is sufficient. Blackberry bushes may protect bandicoots from predators, and also be a source of food through the insects they attract.
On the topic of food and just how adaptable bandicoots are, locals within our study region reported them dining on pet and domestic animal food from backyards.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216738/original/file-20180429-135851-16ncoy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
How we choose to live alongside native wildlife in our cities, such as this bandicoot, could have a big effect on biodiversity conservation globally. Sarah Maclagan
<h2>Conservation opportunities in cities</h2>
A growing body of evidence suggests that even heavily modified environments can support viable populations of native plants and animals, and we should endeavour to manage these areas more sympathetically for the benefit of more species. This does not mean that all species will thrive in cities and heavily modified environments – there will always be a need for <a href="http://www.environment.gov.au/land/nrs" target="_blank">conservation reserves</a> – but it throws the wilderness-versus-city dichotomy into question.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/95423/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">We need greater awareness of the nature we already <a href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-threatened-species-in-our-urban-jungle" target="_blank">share our cities</a> with. Deliberate encouragement such as greener building and urban design that <a href="https://ensia.com/features/nature-cities/" target="_blank">encourages wildlife to return and flourish</a> would substantially benefit humans and other species alike. We are a part of and dependent upon nature, and as such should celebrate and seek to re-establish these vital connections.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/euan-ritchie-735" target="_blank">Euan Ritchie</a>, Associate Professor in Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life &amp; Environmental Sciences, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757" target="_blank">Deakin University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-maclagan-292267" target="_blank">Sarah Maclagan</a>, PhD candidate, Centre for Integrative Ecology, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757" target="_blank">Deakin University</a>
This article was originally published on <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/rockin-the-suburbs-bandicoots-live-among-us-in-melbourne-95423" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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Bandicoots live among us in Melbourne

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/78087/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
It’s no secret that human development frequently comes at a cost to other creatures.
As our urban footprint expands, native habitat contracts. To compensate for this, most Australian governments require developers to invest in biodiversity offsetting, where habitat is created or protected elsewhere to counterbalance the impact of construction. 
Although biodiversity offsetting is frequently used in Australia – and is becoming increasingly popular around the world – we rarely know whether offsets are actually effective. 
That’s why we spent four years monitoring the program designed to offset the environmental losses caused by widening the Hume Highway between Holbrook and Coolac, New South Wales. Our research has found it was completely ineffective. 
Trading trees for boxes
The roadworks required the removal of large, old, hollow-bearing trees, which are critical nesting sites for many animals, including several threatened species. To compensate for these losses, the developer was required to install one nest box for every hollow that was lost – roughly 600 nest boxes were installed.
Many of the boxes were specifically designed for three threatened species: the squirrel glider, the superb parrot and the brown treecreeper. We monitored the offset for four years to see whether local wildlife used the nest boxes.
We found that the nest boxes were rarely used, with just seven records of the squirrel glider, two of the brown treecreeper, and none of the superb parrot. We often saw all three species in large old tree hollows in the area around the boxes we monitored.
Even more worryingly, almost 10% of the boxes collapsed, were stolen or otherwise rendered ineffective just four years after being installed. Perversely, we found that invasive species such as feral bees and black rats frequently occupied the nest boxes.
The offset clearly failed to deliver the environmental outcomes that were promised. Indeed, researchers have been concerned for some time nowthat offsetting can be misused and abused. 
What can be done?
It’s worth noting that research supports using nest boxes as a habitat replacement. However, they may never be effective for species such as the superb parrot. It’s not quite clear why some animals use nest boxes and others don’t, but earlier monitoring projects in the same area found superb parrots consistently avoid them.
Still, concrete steps can – and should – be taken to improve similar offset programs.
First, the one-to-one ratio of nest boxes to tree hollows was inadequate; far more nest boxes needed to be installed to replace the natural hollows that were lost.
There also was no requirement to regularly replace nest boxes as they degrade. It can take a hundred years or more for trees to develop natural hollows suitable for nesting wildlife. To truly offset their removal, thousands of boxes may be required over many decades.
Second, nest boxes clearly cannot compensate for the many other key ecological values of large old trees (such as carbon storage, flowering pulses or foraging habitat). This suggests that more effort is needed at the beginning of a development proposal to avoid damaging environmental assets that are extremely difficult to replace – such as large old trees.
Third, where it is simply impossible to protect key features of the environment during infrastructure development, more holistic strategies should be considered. For example, in the case of the woodlands around the Hume Highway, encouraging natural regeneration can help replace old trees.
Tree planting on farms can also make a significant contribution to biodiversity – and some of these may eventually become hollow-bearing trees. A combination of planting new trees and maintaining adequate artificial hollows while those trees mature might be a better approach.
Being accountable for failure
When an offset program fails, it’s unlikely anyone will be asked to rectify the situation. This is because developers are only required to initiate an offset, and are not responsible for their long-term outcomes.
In the case of the Hume Highway development, the conditions of approval specified that nest boxes were to be installed, but not that they be effective.
Despite the ecological failure of the offset (and over A$200,000 invested), the developer has met these legal obligations.
This distinction between offset compliance and offset effectiveness is a real problem. The Australian government has produced a draft policy of outcomes-based conditions, but using these conditions isn’t mandatory.
The poor results of the Hume Highway offset program are sobering. However, organisations like Roads and Maritime Services are to be commended for ensuring that monitoring was completed and for making the data available for public scrutiny – many agencies do not even do that. 
Indeed, through monitoring and evaluation we can often learn more from failures than successes. There are salutary lessons here, critical to ensuring mistakes are not repeated.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-lindenmayer-4848" target="_blank">David Lindenmayer</a> is professor, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/martine-maron-4087" target="_blank">Martine Maron</a> is ARC Future Fellow and Associate Professor of Environmental Management, The University of Queensland.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/megan-c-evans-4271" rel="author">Megan C Evans</a> is postdoctoral Research Fellow, Environmental Policy, The University of Queensland.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/philip-gibbons-4587" target="_blank">Philip Gibbons</a> is senior lecturer, Australian National University.
All are authors for The Conversation.
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